Plumbing

What Does it Take to Become a Plumber?

Plumber Topeka deal with water, sewage, and gas systems. Every building and house requires these services to function properly.

A licensed apprentice is a beginner-level plumber who works under the supervision of a journeyman plumber. These professionals usually undergo four years of apprenticeship training consisting of on-the-job experience and technical courses.

A plumber installs and repairs water supply lines, drainage systems, toilets, fixtures, and appliances in homes and businesses. They also inspect and maintain plumbing systems and components to ensure they function properly and comply with regulatory codes. Additional duties may include:

  • Installing sump pumps and sewage ejector systems.
  • Testing water pressure levels.
  • Fixing leaks.
  • Unblocking drains.
  • Designing plumbing systems.

Plumbers need to be physically strong and able to work in tight spaces. They must also be able to lift heavy equipment and tools. They should be able to read and interpret blueprints and building specifications. Plumbers must also have excellent communication skills to relay instructions to assistants, customers, managers, and other construction professionals. They must also be able to explain complex ideas and processes in easy-to-understand ways.

A commercial plumber installs, repairs, and maintains plumbing systems in schools, hospitals, manufacturing plants, office buildings, warehouses, and other large facilities. They also inspect and test water, gas, and steam supply lines to ensure they are safe. These professionals often specialize in specific plumbing issues and are more advanced than residential plumbers.

Apprentice plumbers follow the directions of more experienced plumbers to learn their trade. They usually work small plumbing jobs and help senior plumbers with larger projects. They also need to be able to carry out basic tasks, such as cleaning and organizing tools.

Journeyman plumbers install, repair, and maintain a variety of pipes in both residential and commercial settings. They often use their skills to work with copper, PEX, and black iron piping. Other responsibilities include interpreting blueprints and drawings, assembling pipe sections, tubing, and fittings using clamps, screws, soldering, welding equipment, and caulking.

Senior plumbers are responsible for overseeing the work of assistant plumbers and apprentices. They also perform various other tasks, including preparing work areas, completing inspections and reports, and communicating with customers and other construction professionals. They must be able to solve complex problems quickly and accurately. They must also work well under pressure and adhere to strict safety regulations.

The qualifications to become a plumber vary by state, but most require a high school diploma or equivalent and formal training as an apprentice. Some vocational schools and community colleges offer certificate programs that can be completed in less than a year. Others may require two years to complete, including an internship. Applicants should also take an exam that tests their knowledge of plumbing systems, piping regulations, and local building codes. In addition to their technical skills, plumbers need excellent customer service skills. They must be able to work with their hands, troubleshoot problems, and create accurate client cost estimates.

Plumbers may find work with construction companies, plumbing contractors, or maintenance departments of commercial or residential buildings. They are also sometimes self-employed. The training required to become a licensed plumber includes on-the-job experience and classroom instruction. Plumbers must be able to read blueprints and understand backflow prevention devices. They are often called on to fix leaks and sewer backups and install water heaters, toilets, and fixtures.

To obtain a journeyman license, plumbers must have at least four years of experience working as an apprentice and pass an exam. Applicants must also submit a notarized affidavit from master plumbers who vouch for their work experience. Some states require a high school degree or GED, and others have additional education requirements for licensing.

Plumbers need good math and physics skills to calculate pipe sizes, materials, and cuts. They must also be able to read and follow blueprints and understand how to operate tools. They must have physical strength, flexibility, and good eyesight to work in cramped spaces and awkward positions. They are frequently exposed to hot, cold, and wet conditions and must wear protective gear to protect their bodies. They must also keep up with the latest advances in plumbing technology. To maintain their licenses, plumbers must attend continuing education courses to stay current on industry changes. They must also pass a criminal background check to receive their licenses.

A plumber’s work environment can be challenging. They are exposed to various chemicals and bacteria that can cause illness. They are also required to work in awkward positions that can put them at risk of injuries. They must be able to stand or crouch for long periods and lift heavy equipment. Plumbing is not a good career choice for people uncomfortable with hard manual labor.

A normal workday for a plumber starts with reviewing any job orders or schedules to determine what tasks they will need to complete and which tools and materials they will need to bring. Then, they will go to their work site. This can be in residential or commercial locations. The job sites can be very crowded and require plumbers to maneuver in tight spaces.

The rest of the day is spent working on plumbing jobs, including repairing and installing pipes, fixtures, and appliances. They also inspect sewer systems to ensure they are functioning properly and meet the standards of health codes and regulations. Plumbers also spend a lot of time calling clients to confirm appointments or letting them know they will be late for their scheduled appointments.

In addition, plumbers must be able to work around a wide variety of electrical equipment. They also need to be able to read and understand blueprints and drawings. Plumbers often work with other construction tradespeople, so they must be able to get along with others.

A career in plumbing can be very rewarding, but it is only for some. There are many different options for people wanting to become plumbers, so it is important to research all the requirements and qualifications before applying for a position. Those who are successful in this field can make a good living and enjoy a variety of job opportunities. It is possible to turn this career into a significant source of income, but it takes time and commitment to become a master plumber. Becoming a plumber can be very satisfying if you are willing to work hard and have the right qualities.

If you’re thinking of becoming a plumber, you’ll want to know how much you can expect to make. The good news is that plumbers do quite well in the job market and can earn a decent salary. On average, plumbers make about $50,000 a year.

However, this figure varies greatly depending on location, experience, and employer. For example, a plumber generally makes more money in cities with high living costs than in smaller towns where gas and food are cheaper.

If you’re looking to move to a new city, consider this when calculating how much you will need to earn in that area to make ends meet.

Those who choose to start their plumbing businesses can increase their salaries significantly by working hard and maintaining industry standards. However, this is only a career path for some and requires much work and dedication. In addition, you’ll need to invest a lot of time and effort into marketing your business and hiring quality employees.

The United Association offers a wide variety of resources that can help you learn more about the job duties and salary for plumbers, including information on vocational education, certification requirements, and job growth. You can also use free online tools to calculate your potential salary based on your education, training, and experience. You can even get a feel for the competitiveness of wages in different states and regions by using a database that contains wage information from thousands of employers.

Plumbing

The Components of Residential Plumbing

Plumbing Company Shreveport covers everything that runs through the pipes in your home to supply you with fresh water and take away wastewater. It’s important to understand the components of your residential plumbing system to ensure it works properly.

Choosing the right plumber is essential to handling your plumbing issues quickly and correctly. Look for licensing, experience, emergency services, pricing transparency, and insurance coverage.

There are two common types of plumbing systems in residential properties: indirect and direct. An indirect system uses a cold water storage cistern in the loft to supply taps throughout the house, while a natural system draws water directly from the mains. Both systems have their advantages and disadvantages. However, if you want to avoid costly repairs in the future, it is best to choose an indirect approach.

The plumbing system in your home is composed of pipes that carry water, waste, and gas. These pipes are made from various materials, including PVC and copper. While both are durable, copper pipes are more corrosion-resistant than PVC pipes. They also offer more flexibility and are easier to repair than PVC pipes. It is important to regularly check and replace your plumbing system components, especially the pipes. Call a plumber immediately if you find any problems with your pipe system.

Indirect plumbing systems reduce stress on the distribution network. Water is first pumped into big tanks before it is supplied to all fittings except the kitchen and sink. This reduces the pressure on the pipes, making water leakages less likely. Indirect supplies also cause less wear on plumbing materials and are quieter.

If you live in a house with an indirect plumbing system, it is important to maintain it properly. This includes re-caulking and replacing the hot and cold water pipes every four to five years. Changing the cisterns and water heaters requires professional assistance, as they can only be handled with proper tools.

A non-return valve should be fitted immediately after the main stop valve supplying water to the house (or the kitchen tap). This will prevent back siphoning, which could contaminate the water distributed within the house and the main supply. It should also be fitted to garden taps and fountain sinks. Indirect waste piping should be protected against siphoning by an adequate battery of stack vents.

Indirect waste piping should be capped at all junctions with sanitary drain piping. Indirect drain piping should also discharge into a trap or a vented receptor. This will prevent sewer odors from entering the home.

Plumbing vent pipes are an unsung hero in your home’s drainage system. They extend vertically from your home’s drainage system past the roof line, allowing air and sewer gases to escape. They also prevent the build-up of negative pressure that can damage plumbing systems and cause odors. Regularly inspecting and repairing your plumbing vents can help you keep your drainage system healthy for the life of your home.

Each drain pipe in your residential plumbing has a trap that fills with water when the fixture is unused. This water is a barrier that prevents vermin and harmful sewer gases from entering the house. The trap must always be full of water, but this can only happen if the drainage system is properly ventilated. Every residential plumbing fixture must have a vent pipe connected to the P-trap.

Vent pipes are designed to connect the P-trap with the ventilation stack and allow oxygen into the trap when the plumbing system is in use. Oxygen helps sewage break down quickly and completely, releasing fewer harmful byproducts into your home. Without venting, the trapped sewage can create foul odors that are difficult to eliminate and may even pose health risks.

When the vent stack and its pipes become blocked, it can exert downward pressure on your drainage system and prevent it from working correctly. You may notice this when you hear gurgling sounds from your sinks or bathtubs, when wastewater drains slowly, or when you experience standing water in your bathtub or sink.

Several types of plumbing vents are available to homeowners, including true vents, re-vent pipes (auxiliary vents), and air admittance valves. Typically, you will need one of each type of venting system in your home. You will also want to ensure that your vent pipes are properly sized and sloped so they can easily connect to your plumbing system. Protecting your vents from moisture damage would be best by installing a weatherproof roof flashing around them.

Water heaters are an essential component of your home plumbing system. They use gas or electricity to heat your water and store it in a tank until needed. They are available in various sizes to accommodate your household’s hot water demands. Choosing the right water heater can save you money on your utility bill and help reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The best option for your home will depend on the number of people living in the house, peak water usage, and available space.

Tank water heaters are the most common type of residential water heater. They are large metal cylinders usually located in a basement or a garage. They are insulated and have a protective outer shell. The interior of the tank holds between 40 and 60 gallons of water at a time. Water enters the tank via a dip tube and travels to the bottom, where it is heated. It then flows out to the faucets.

Limiting peak demand is the best way to minimize energy costs with a tank water heater. This can be done by scheduling showers, dishwasher runs at night, and setting your water heater to a lower temperature. It can also be accomplished by lowering household water usage and using low-flow fixtures and appliances. It would be best if you also got your water heater serviced regularly.

To save energy and money, consider getting a tankless water heater. This unit does not have a storage tank, so it heats water as it passes through the system. It is more efficient than traditional heaters and can reduce energy bills by up to 40 percent.

If you’re building a new home, it is recommended that you install a hybrid water heater. This model uses a combination of solar panels and an insulated tank to provide high-efficiency hot water. It’s the most eco-friendly water heater on the market and can help you save money in the long run. In addition to saving on energy costs, a hybrid water heater can be tax-deductible or subsidized by your local government.

The drainage system is responsible for transporting wastewater from your home to the sewer or septic tank. It consists of pipes, vents, and traps. Pipes connect to your fixtures and carry the waste to the drain, while vents ensure air can enter the plumbing system and equalize pressure. Traps prevent foul odors from entering your home and keep sewer gases from seeping in.

The main drainage pipe is a long, horizontal pipe that runs underground from the lowest level of your house to the municipal sewer line or septic field. It is typically made of copper, cast iron, galvanized steel, or PVC. It may also be coated with a material resistant to corrosion, such as polyvinyl chloride or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The main drainage pipe may run through one or more soil stacks, which are vertical pipes that collect the waste and transport it to the main drain.

Several residential drainage systems include surface, subsurface, and French drains. Surface drains are typically installed in parallel rows designed to remove excess water from the property. They are often used in low-lying areas where water pools around the house’s foundation. Subsurface drainage is a type of piping that goes underneath the top layer of soil. It is used to avoid waterlogging and ground movement caused by heavy rains.

The main drainage pipe in a home is connected to the municipal sewer line through a maintenance hole or inspection chamber. It is also known as an intercepting trap. The trap prevents the transfer of foul gases from the public sewer to the household drainage pipe. This is an important safety feature for your home and should be checked regularly. If you suspect it has a blockage, it should be cleared immediately. If you need help with your drains, call a professional plumber to inspect and repair them. If the problem is severe, you should replace the entire drainage system.

Plumbing

How to Prevent Home Plumbing Catastrophes

Some situations will always require an emergency plumber, such as when a pipe bursts and causes water damage to your home. Other cases may not be an emergency but still warrant calling a plumber immediately, such as when your water becomes discolored.

Plumbing

Clogged drains and sewer lines can cause a host of problems for homeowners. If the clog is not prevented or addressed promptly, it can lead to serious damage and flooding that requires costly repairs. Fortunately, there are clues you can watch out for to help prevent this problem and recognize when it is happening. However, if you need professional help, you can contact Plumber Chatsworth.

For instance, if you notice water slowing down in one or more of your bathrooms, it is a clear sign that your main sewer line has become clogged. Since toilets and other fixtures are interconnected, a clog in any one of them can make it difficult or impossible for wastewater to flow into and out of the rest of your house.

The most common reason for a drain clog is human or animal hair. When this material combines with soap scum and grease, it can create a sticky substance that will clog the pipe. You may notice the clog when you flush the toilet or use the bathtub or sink. Other clues include smelly drains, water backing up into sinks and other fixtures, or an overflowing toilet that won’t flush.

If you suspect a clog, start by checking the lowest drains in your house. This includes toilets, basement floor drains, and basement sinks. Since the main sewer line is typically connected directly to these fixtures, it is usually the first place that wastewater will back up when a clog occurs.

Another common culprit is disposal wipes, such as baby wipes and cleaning wipes. While they may be advertised as “flushable,” these items are not able to break down and can form a tough clog that is very difficult to remove without the help of a plumber.

Other common causes of clogged drains include old or damaged pipes, root growth, and hard water. The latter is especially troublesome because the minerals in hard water can build up and block drains over time. It is important to have a water softener installed in your house to combat this issue. Finally, if you have tried using plungers, drain snakes, or drain cleaners and the problem persists, it is likely time to call in an emergency plumber.

Burst Pipes

Pipe bursts are another plumbing emergency that requires the help of a professional plumber. When a pipe bursts, it can cause extensive water damage and even structural damage to your home. This can also result in costly repairs and replacements. Luckily, there are steps you can take to minimize the damage and prevent further problems.

The first thing you should do if you suspect that a pipe has burst is to shut off your water supply. This will stop any new water from entering your home and will help reduce the amount of flooding. It is also important to turn off any electrical power in the area of the affected pipe. This will protect you from electrocution while you wait for a plumber to arrive.

Water pipe bursts can occur for a number of reasons. Some of the most common causes include freezing temperatures, excessive pressure, and corroded pipes. In order to avoid burst pipes, you should have your plumbing system regularly inspected and serviced by a professional plumber.

One of the most common signs of a burst pipe is an enormous wet spot on your floor. However, you may notice other symptoms as well, including a sagging ceiling or walls, increased water bills, and an unusually high water pressure. If you notice any of these signs, call a plumber immediately.

Another way that pipes can burst is due to improper installation. This can include incorrect positioning, incorrect sizing, and loose fittings and fixings. Improper installation can lead to a buildup of pressure within your pipes that eventually leads to them bursting. This is why it is so important to have your plumbing system properly installed by a qualified plumber.

A pipe can also burst due to a clog. This is a problem that can be caused by a variety of things, from hair to bathroom products to food. The clog can put pressure on the pipe until it finally breaks under the strain. The best way to prevent clogged pipes is by regularly cleaning your drains with a pipe cleaner or snake. You can also purchase a drain trap to catch debris and stop blockages from building up.

Faulty Shut-Off

Shut-off valves are your home’s best defense against plumbing catastrophes and should be kept in working order at all times. These handy little devices are what allows you to shut off the water supply to specific fixtures like toilets, sinks, and water heaters in the event of an emergency. They’re also the first line of defense against extensive water damage, such as a leaking ceiling or sagging floor. Unfortunately, these vital little gadgets are prone to failure, particularly as time goes by.

The most common problem with a shut-off valve is that it simply seizes up. This is especially true for older valves that are subjected to frequent use. A common cause of this is rust or corrosion on internal components, such as the rubber washers that are used to moderate the flow of water through each fixture. When this happens, it’s likely you’ll not be able to turn the valve off, which is an absolute nightmare in an emergency situation.

Thankfully, you can usually solve this problem on your own without the need for an emergency plumber. The first thing you’ll need to do is to identify the specific valve that has stopped working. To do this, locate the label that shows you which fixture it controls. From there, you can determine where the valve is located. This will typically be either at the end of the pipe or in a small box that is attached to it.

Once you’ve identified the valve that has failed, turn it off by turning it clockwise. If the valve doesn’t budge, you can try wiggling it or applying some pressure to it. If this doesn’t work, it may be necessary to drain the pipe and spray the valve with some penetrating oil. This should loosen the valve and allow you to turn it off with a little more ease.

Another common issue that can cause a shut-off valve to fail is that the central screw has become stuck or frozen in place. If this is the case, it will likely require professional help to free the screw and re-tighten it. When you contact your emergency plumber, make sure to provide the details of the repair needed so they can be prepared for the job ahead of time. This will save both time and money for you, as the plumber won’t have to spend as much time figuring out the issue on-site.

Sewer Backup

Sewer backups are a serious problem that not only smell terrible and present health risks, but can also cause extensive and expensive damage to your home. If you notice that sewage is backing up through drains, it’s essential to evacuate the affected area immediately and call an emergency plumber right away.

One of the first signs that a sewer line is about to back up is if your toilets and sinks seem to drain more slowly than usual. This can be caused by a simple drain clog from hair, soap scum and grease (or your two-year-old’s fascination with what will and won’t flush). But, it could also be a sign that wastewater is being forced into areas of your home that should not be receiving it.

Another early warning sign of a backup is the appearance of bubbles in your sinks, tubs and showers. Bubbles are created by trapped air that is being forced into your drains by water trying to pass through the clogged area.

A third and most serious sign of a sewer backup is the appearance of standing water in your home. Standing water is a serious safety hazard, and can lead to mold, bacteria and other health issues. It is also an electrical hazard, so it’s important to turn off all power in the affected area and not touch any water until an emergency plumber has arrived to make sure it is safe.

Some causes of a sewer backup are out of your control, including damaged public pipes and natural disasters like floods or hurricanes. But, a homeowner can prevent some of these issues by having their sewer line regularly checked and cleaned.

A professional plumber can clean your drains to remove any obstructions and ensure that wastewater is flowing normally. They can also repair or replace your damaged pipes to protect your home from future problems. If you suspect that a sewer backup is in progress, contact your local municipal government to report it as soon as possible. They will send an inspector to determine whether the backup is caused by a problem with the main sewer line or your home’s plumbing.

Plumbing

Drain Cleaning – How to Get Rid of Clogged Drains and Pipes

Drain Cleaning Sarasota will save you time, money, and the inconvenience of clogged pipes. Clogged pipes can cause flooding, water damage, and foul odors in your home.

Drain Cleaning

Avoid commercial chemical drain cleaners, which can harm your pipes and the environment. Instead, try a natural solution such as white distilled vinegar and baking soda.

One of the most effective and advanced drain cleaning techniques involves high-pressure water jetting. This is a specialized machine that uses a concentrated flow of pressurized water to blast through even the most stubborn blockages, including tree roots, soap scum, and grease. A plumber will attach a special nozzle to the end of a heavy-duty hose and turn on the water pressure to produce a jet capable of cutting through anything in its path.

This method of drain cleaning is far more effective than traditional methods, which depend on chemicals to break down the clog and then require mechanical action to remove the debris. Not only does this approach eliminate the need for toxic chemicals, it also leaves the pipes in much better shape afterward.

Because hydro jetting relies on water rather than harsh chemicals, it’s environmentally friendly as well. The clog debris is flushed away into the sewer system and treated as part of the wastewater cycle, so it’s not introduced to soil or water sources. In addition, there’s no risk of contamination like with chemical cleaners, which can leave a strong and unpleasant odor in the drains and drain vents.

While the occasional trip to the store for a bottle of liquid drain cleaner might seem harmless, it can actually be quite damaging to your pipes. Most chemical cleaners contain caustic soda and other corrosive ingredients that can wear down pipes over time, leading to leaks and collapsed drain lines. In contrast, hydro jetting is a completely safe and efficient solution to even the most stubborn clogs.

For commercial and municipal sewer lines, hydro jetting is often a more cost-effective and effective option than conventional augers or snakes. Since these lines have much larger diameters, standard drain cleaners might not be able to reach the entire length of the pipe. However, hydro jetting can easily reach the entirety of a pipe run and knock out even the most persistent clogs with ease.

Keeping up with hydro jetting services throughout the year can help you avoid expensive, time-consuming and disgusting drain clogs. Unlike chemical drain cleaners, which are subject to wear and tear and can damage the inside of your pipes, this method is quick and easy, requires no tools and is entirely safe for your plumbing. Just keep in mind that you should only trust trained and experienced professionals to perform this procedure, as the high water pressure can cause damage if not done correctly.

Drain Snake

A drain snake is a long auger that helps break up and push through hard, dense clogs. It’s the quickest and most effective way to get rid of hair, grease, and other debris that blocks a drain or pipe. However, it requires a little more care and expertise than a plunger. If you use it improperly, you can damage your pipes and cause leaks.

To avoid these problems, you should only use a drain snake on metal drainpipes and never put it down a toilet. Also, always use it in conjunction with a chemical drain cleaner and only for serious clogs that can’t be cleared with other methods.

Before you start, make sure you have a pair of rubber gloves and a bucket by your side. Then, begin by feeding the head of the snake into the drain and pushing it down through the P-trap (the U-shaped pipe section under sinks). Slowly crank the handle to uncoil the cable and jiggle the corkscrew end of the snake as it goes deeper into your clogged pipe. You may have to re-coil the snake several times before it breaks up or entangles the clog.

If you’re unable to get the snake past the clog, try running hot water down the pipe for a few minutes before attempting to snake it again. This may loosen the obstruction enough to dislodge it or make it easier for the snake to cut through it.

Once you’ve successfully snagged the clog, run the snake again until it dislodges or clears it completely. Then, run a bucket of hot water down the pipe to flush out any leftover debris and clean the drain. Once you’re done, be sure to clean the snake before storing it away until the next time you encounter a blocked drain.

Video Pipe Inspections

When a plunger or drain snake isn’t enough to deal with a blockage, plumbers use advanced video technology to evaluate the situation. Video pipe inspections involve feeding a small digital camera, attached to a cable, into the plumbing or sewer line. A technician then views the live images on a monitor to pinpoint the location of a blockage or break. This helps them recommend the best course of action to solve the problem quickly and effectively.

These video cameras are mounted on a wheeled base that can be manipulated from a control panel and video screen, much like a radio-controlled toy car. They can access pipes with diameters ranging from 2 to 36 inches, and they can find breaks or blockages in even the hardest-to-reach places. This is an extremely effective utility-locating tool, and it can save a lot of time and money by avoiding the need for exploratory digging.

Some of the issues these cameras can identify include:

Fats, oils and grease in the lines – This buildup can slow or stop wastewater flow, leading to clogs and backups. Cracks or dislocations in the lines – These can also block waste movement and cause further problems down the line. Tree roots infiltrating the lines – As they grow, they can wrap around and pierce pipes, creating a dangerous and expensive problem.

Broken lines – These can create serious damage to property, and they can be very difficult to locate. This is especially true if the break is deep in the ground or underneath a slab. These are just a few of the reasons why it’s so important to have video inspection services available when you need them.

If you have a plumbing or sewer problem, call us today to learn more about how our video pipe inspections can help you. We can also recommend the right course of cleaning or repair for your specific needs. We’re licensed, insured and bonded, so you can trust us to handle your drainage system with care. We look forward to hearing from you soon. Call us today to schedule a drain cleaning or a video inspection.

Drain Cleaning Products

Various drain cleaners exist on the market, and they are often effective at dissolving organic debris that causes clogs. However, they’re not necessarily the best option for removing stubborn or slow-moving clogs. These cleaners are typically abrasive, and they can scratch or chip pipes. They also require a lot of time to work. They may take hours to dissolve mild clogs or even a few days for severe ones.

Caustic drain cleaners use bases like lye and caustic potash to melt away clogs. They work by giving the clog’s particles electrons, which makes them lose their cohesiveness. This breaks them down into smaller molecules that are more easily dissolved. They also generate heat and turn fats into a soapy substance that can be washed away. However, caustic drain cleaners can also etch and crack pipes. They also pollute the environment when they’re washed down the drain, and they can contaminate drinking water if they seep into groundwater sources.

Acidic drain cleaners, on the other hand, use ingredients such as sulphuric acid to burn through and dissolve clogs. These are the harshest drain cleaners, and they’re usually only used in worst-case scenarios because they harm pipes and humans. They also create toxic fumes that can irritate your nose and eyes.